GERUND

Gerund adalah kata benda yang berasal dari kata kerja ditambah± in g, misalnyaswimming,
eating, fishing, shopping, dancing, dan singing. Bila diperhatikan, gerundmempunyai bentuk
yang sama dengan present participle, bedanya gerund berfungsi sebagai kata benda,
sedangkan present participle sebagai kata sifat yang menerangkan kata benda.
Dalam kalimat, gerund berfungsi sebagai:
a. subjek (subject)
b. pelengkap subjek (subjective complement)
c. objek langsung (direct object)
d. objek preposisi (object of preposition)
e. aposisi (appositive)
Subject
Gerund sebagai subjek pokok kalimat, contoh:
-S wimmin g is good service.
- Yours in gin g is very beautiful.
-S tu dyin g needs time and patience.
-P layin g tennis is fun.
-R e adin g English is easier than speaking it.
Subjective Complement
Gerund sebagai pelengkap subjek dalam kalimat biasanya selalu didahului to be yang
terletak di antara subject dan subjective complement, contoh:
- My favorite sport isr un n in g.
- My favorite activity isre adin g.
Direct Object
Gerund sebagai objek langsung dalam kalimat, contoh:
- I enjoydan c in g.
- She likesdan c in g.
- Thank you for yourco min g.
- I hatear gu in g.
Object of Preposition
Gerund sebagai objek preposisi yang terletak setelah preposisi. Preposisi yang sering
dipakai adalah of, on, no, with, without, at for, after, before, because of, to, like, about, for,
by, in.
Contoh:
- He is tired of gambling.
- I am fond of eating bakso.
- He insisted on seeing her.
- I have no objection to hearing your story.
- You will not be clever without studying.
- They are good at telling funny stories.
- In sleeping I met you in the park.
Appositive
Gerund sebagai aposisi atau penegas dalam kalimat, contoh:
- My hobby,f ish in g, is interesting.
- I do not likequ arr e llin g, a useless job.
My hobby is fishing dan fishing is interesting diletakkan bersebelahan dalam sebuah kalimat
sebagai appositive (fishing adalah aposisi dari my hobby), begitu juga contoh kalimat
dibawahnya

>Basic Modals

Click for Audio

Modal auxiliary verbs are used to moderate the main verb, that is to enhance or

restrict the verb to a certain context.

The most common modal auxiliaries in English are:

can

could

may

should

might

will

must

would

Notice the usage of modals in the following sentences:

I pay my taxes.

General declaration of fact. Paying taxes is

something I normally do.

I can pay my taxes.

Expresses ability. I have the means (funds) to

pay.

I might pay my taxes.

Expresses possibility, but not certainty.

Maybe I will pay; maybe I won't.

I will pay my taxes.

Expresses future intent. I resolve to do it at

some later time.

I should pay my taxes.

Expresses mild obligation. It is required, and

I expect to comply.

I could pay my taxes.

Expresses possibility. If I have nothing else

to do with the money, I might pay taxes.

I would pay my taxes.

(In this case), expresses reservation. If I had

the money (but I don't). . .

I must pay my taxes.

Expresses strong obligation. I am required

and have to comply.

Modals are followed by only the base form of the verb and are not used alone unless

there is a clear connection to a main verb.

He must to finish his homework.

He must finish his homework.

Jack could heard the bell.

Jack could hear the bell.

Penny will going to the movie.

Penny will go to the movie.

WRONG

RIGHT

WRONG

RIGHT

WRONG

RIGHT

There are many ways to make requests in English. The most common involves using

the imperative and modals. See the examples below:

Using the Imperative

The imperative is the simple form of the verb. The

subject of an imperative sentence is understood as "you" although it is usually not

spoken.

Open the door.

Will you help me?

Pick up your toys.

Please help me.

(You) open the door.

Yes, I will (help you).

(You) pick up your toys.

(You) please help me.

The imperative is often used by persons of authority when speaking to subordinates,

e.g. parent to child.

Using Modals

To show respect and politeness, most people use modal

expressions when making requests. For example:

Will you...?

Would you...?

Would you please...?

Could you (please)...?

Could you possibly...?

Would you kindly...?

Would you mind (Ving )...?

Would you be so kind as to...?

Will you open the door for me?

Would you open the door for me?

Would you please open the door (for me)?

Could you (please)...? Could you (please) open the

door?

Could you possibly open the door?

Would you kindly open the door?

Would you mind opening the door?

Would you be so kind as to open the door?

Common Problems with Modals

1. Using "to" unnecessarily:

Incorrect

They going to meet us at the theater.

He should to eat his dinner.

I had better to go now.

You must not to use that pencil.

Correct

They are going to meet us at the theater.

He should eat his dinner.

I had better go now.

You must not use that pencil.

2. Using anything but the base form after a modal:

ohn could heard the bell.

Penny will going to the movie.

John could hear the bell.

Penny will go to the movie.

3. Using double modals:

You should ought to speak English.

She might can help me.

You ought to speak English. /should speak

She might be able to help me.

4. Omitting "be" in certain modal expressions:

They going to meet us at the theater.

ack supposed to take his medicine.

They are going to meet us at the theater.

Jack is supposed to take his medicine.

5. Using wrong word order in questions:

How I can help you?

Where I should go for the meeting?

How can I help you?

Where should I go for the meeting?

See also: Grammar: Common Modal Usage

Vocabulary: Simple Modals

Modal Verb Introduction (from Englishpage.com)

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